Saad Iqbal Quantity surveyor can be regarded as the initiator of any project, once the project is planned the most important initial step is to quantify the quantities and estimate the rates and prepare a BOQ which is called bill of quantities that contains the unit rates of various items along with the quantity of the material … Read more
Reinforcement in the form of steel or synthetic strips called geo-strips are placed within an embankment, containing soil in various layers compacted mechanically; the granular material of embankment is linked by means of friction. The embankment becomes a self supporting structure, such a structure is called reinforced earth structure. Earth Reinforced with Geo-strips and Reinforced … Read more
Building and civil engineering is a demanding and exciting process in which the constructions built provide enduring testimonies to the imagination, skill and initiative of all those concerned. The understanding of these process includes a knowledge of what buildings are made of, how they are put together, how they stay up, how they work, how … Read more
In soil mechanics the equilibrium and movement of s oil b o dies is studied, where soil is understood to be the weathered natural material in the upper layers (say the upper 20 to 100 m) of the earth’s crust. This material may be gravel, sand, clay, peat, or some other rather soft and loose … Read more
As per the definition, the pile cut off level is the elevation up to which the concrete of the pile head is chipped or cut off while exposing rebar. It is an important design parameter in case of pile foundation that allows the rebar of pile to embed in pile cap and uniformly distribute the … Read more