The analysis and design of structures to resist the effect produced by time dependent forces or motions requires conceptual idealizations and simplifying assumptions through which the physical system is represented by an idealized system known as the analytical or mathematical model. These idealizations or simplifying assumptions may be classified in the following groups;Material assumptionsLoading assumptionsGeometric … Read more
Throughout the history of civilization bridges have been the icons of cities, regions, and countries. All bridges are useful for transportation, commerce, and war. Bridges are necessary for civilization to exist, and many bridges are beautiful. A few have become the symbols of the best, noblest, and most beautiful that mankind has achieved. The secrets … Read more
The purpose of this book is to familiarize civil engineering and construction technology students withtwo of the most important materials of construction, Portland cement (PC) and Portland cement con-crete (PCC). People frequently make the error of using these terms interchangeably. It is important tokeep in mind that PC is a powder, while PCC is initially … Read more
Concrete pavements have been used for highways, airports, streets, local roads, parking lots, industrial facilities, and other types of infrastructure. When properly designed and built out of durable materials, concrete pavements can provide many decades of service with little or no maintenance. Concrete generally has a higher initial cost than asphalt but lasts longer and … Read more
Surveying is said to be heart of civil engineering. Every single activity of construction starts from survey, whether you are construction pile foundation, you need a surveyor to locate and layout that pile according to the coordinates i.e. northing and easting along with chainage, reduced distance (RD) from a bench mark. similarly the steel reinforcement … Read more