Materials added to concrete during or before mixing are referred to as admixtures. They are used to improve the performance of concrete in certain situations as well as to lower its cost. There is a rather well-known saying regarding admixtures, to the effect that Different Types of Admixtures “they are to concrete as beauty aids … Read more
Structural lightweight aggregate concrete is an important and versatile material in modern construction. I has many and varied applications: multistory building frames and floors, curtain walls, shell roofs, folded plates, bridges, prestressed or precast elements of all types, and others. In many cases the architectural expression of form combined with functional design can be achieved … Read more
Forces that are acting perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam cause bending stresses which are termed as flexural stresses, beside flexural stresses beams also undergo shear stresses and normal stresses. We know from the basic concepts of internal forces in the beams that whenever some load either dead load, live load, imposed load, … Read more
We all know that concrete is vulnerable to temperature changes it usually shrinks and expands due to some temperature variations, in such a condition most of the times a crack is intentionally introduced so that any expansion or shrinkage in a panel would not produce uncontrolled cracks as a result of stress production within the … Read more
Sediment transport in streams and rivers is inevitable as the stream or river transport capacity rises and falls with the streamflow. If the transport capacity in a location exceeds the sediment supply, erosion will occur. Streambank erosion must be controlled in critical areas (e.g. near bridge crossings) for safety as well as economic reasons. The … Read more