The guniting is the most effective process of repairing concrete work which has been damaged due to inferior work or other reasons. It is also used for providing an impervious layer. The gunite is a mixture of cement and sand, the usual proportion being 1:3. A cement gun is used to deposit this mixture on … Read more
An estimate of the cost of a construction job is the probable cost of that job as computed from plans and specifications. As a quality of a good estimate the, actual cost of the proposed work after completion should not differ by more then 5 to 10 % from its approximate cost estimate, provided there … Read more
Population prediction is a very important aspect in environmental engineering that helps in determination of certain factors that helps in future planning and for accurate determination of the certain requirement in future. The current population of any society can be estimated with census where as future predictions can be obtained with trends and knowledge of … Read more
Groundwater is enormous and significant source of fresh water that owns huge share regarding water requirement of humans. Soil being a porous and non-porous medium allows movement of water through interstices and pores through various phenomenon. In terms of groundwater hydrology, the underground soil water is classified in to two basic zones:- a) Zone of … Read more
Concept of Influence line was developed by Winkler in 1867. Influence Diagram concept is used for analysis of structures that are subjected to variable or moving loads. Structures like bridges, culverts and even roofs of a house is also such structures that have live and moving loads. Definition Influence line is defined as; “a graph … Read more