Soil mechanics originated several decades ago under the pressure of necessity. As the practical problems involving soils broadened in scope, the inadequacy of the scientific tools available for coping with them became increasingly apparent. Efforts to remedy the situation started almost simultaneously in the United States and in Europe, and within short period they produced … Read more
The Structural loads are supported on soil through foundations. These loads produce stresses and resulting strains or deformations in the soil below the foundation. The deformation in the vertical direction is usually termed as settlement, which occurs due to the vertical stresses. Stresses in a Soil Mass The stresses which produce excessive deformations are termed … Read more
Sand replacement test method is used to determine the field density or in-place density of earth embankments, road fills, sub-grade, sub-base or any of compacted material. This method serves as base upon which one can accept the density of a compacted material to a specified magnitude or to a percentage of maximum unit dry density … Read more
Building and civil engineering is a demanding and exciting process in which the constructions built provide enduring testimonies to the imagination, skill and initiative of all those concerned. The understanding of these process includes a knowledge of what buildings are made of, how they are put together, how they stay up, how they work, how … Read more
In soil mechanics the equilibrium and movement of s oil b o dies is studied, where soil is understood to be the weathered natural material in the upper layers (say the upper 20 to 100 m) of the earth’s crust. This material may be gravel, sand, clay, peat, or some other rather soft and loose … Read more